官网：

https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows/wsl/install

使用wsl安装linux

1. 安装wsl

打开终端管理员，win11鼠标右键点击win菜单可以找到。

# PowerShell
wsl --install

遇到如下报错：

# PowerShell
PS C:\Users\gouz> wsl --install
正在下载: Ubuntu
正在安装: Ubuntu
由于未安装所需的特性，无法启动操作。
错误代码: Wsl/InstallDistro/Service/RegisterDistro/CreateVm/HCS/HCS_E_SERVICE_NOT_AVAILABLE

按照旧版本的步骤先启用适用于linux的windows子系统，然后启用虚拟机功能，然后关机重启。

# PowerShell
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart

重启之后再次打开终端管理员，输入：

# PowerShell
wsl --install

默认安装的是Ubuntu，在windows终端内输入

# PowerShell
wsl -l -o

可以查看在线商店可用的linux分发版的列表。 我更换成了archlinux，

# PowerShell
wsl --install -d archlinux

2. 为archlinux创建非root用户

先在windows终端中打开wsl archlinux

# PowerShell
wsl -d archlinux

进入archlinux默认是root用户，先安装sudo软件包

# bash
pacman -Syu
pacman -S sudo

然后创建非root用户，注意下面的命令仍然是在archlinux的终端中输入。

# bash
useradd -m -G wheel -s /bin/bash username
passwd username  #为用户username设置密码

然后还需要将用户配置为sudo用户

# bash
pacman -S nano  #nano是文本编辑器，我个人比较喜欢用，感觉适合小白
nano /etc/sudoers

打开文件后ctrl+F搜索wheel，然后将%wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL 这一行的注释删掉，也就是删掉“# %wheel ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL”前面的“#”，随后ctrl+X退出，输入Y按下回车保存。 然后切换成新建的用户测试一下sudo是否能够使用。

# bash
su username
sudo pacman -Syu

如果需要，可以将wsl的archlinux默认启动用户改成刚刚新建的用户。打开windows终端

#PowerShell
wsl --manage archlinux --set-default-user username

“wsl –help"可以查看更多关于wsl的命令选项。

3. wsl配置文件 （参考）

    [wsl2]
    memory=8GB
    processors=8
    [experimental]
    autoMemoryReclaim=gradual
    networkingMode=mirrored
    dnsTunneling=true
    firewall=true
    autoProxy=true
    sparseVhd=true

文件存放于c盘/用户/用户名目录下，文件名为”.wslconfig"。这个我也是搬的别的大佬的。

安装ROOT

1. 包管理器安装（推荐）

打开终端，输入，

#bash
sudo pacman -S root

安装完之后打开root检查一下，

# bash
root

2. 从源码构建（不推荐）

不推荐，不推荐，不推荐！我自己已经放弃了，根本不知道要安装多少依赖 https://root.cern.ch/install/ 打开链接翻到最下面的“Build from source”处，跟着输入命令即可

当然得先安装一下git依赖和camke等依赖。这里的依赖没安装完全，根据报错自行添加吧。

# bash
sudo pacman -S git
sudo pacman -S base-devel gcc cmake libx11 libxpm libxft libxext
sudo pacman -S gsl giflib libjpeg-turbo libtiff libpng fontconfig
sudo pacman -S python
sudo pacman -S xrootd davix

安装完git之后复制粘贴官网教程中的命令即可，可能需要科学上网。

# bash
mkdir root && cd root
git clone --branch latest-stable --depth=1 https://github.com/root-project/root.git root_src
mkdir root_build root_install && cd root_build
cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../root_install ../root_src

一直报错，我放弃了。

报错

我在cmake时出现报错，此时依赖我只安装了cmake和git：

# bash
[nine@DESKTOP-VL1ESD8 root_build]$ cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../root_install ../root_src/
CMake Deprecation Warning at CMakeLists.txt:32 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0116 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.


CMake Deprecation Warning at CMakeLists.txt:32 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0135 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.


CMake Error: CMake was unable to find a build program corresponding to "Unix Makefiles".  CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM is not set.  You probably need to select a different build tool.
CMake Error: CMAKE_C_COMPILER not set, after EnableLanguage
CMake Error: CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER not set, after EnableLanguage
-- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!

问过ai之后发现是缺少依赖，还得安装base-devel, gcc。

重新cmake又遇到报错：

-- Looking for X11
CMake Error at /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:227 (message):
  Could NOT find X11 (missing: X11_X11_INCLUDE_PATH X11_X11_LIB Xpm Xft Xext)
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:591 (_FPHSA_FAILURE_MESSAGE)
  /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindX11.cmake:684 (find_package_handle_standard_args)
  cmake/modules/SearchInstalledSoftware.cmake:80 (_find_package)
  cmake/modules/SearchInstalledSoftware.cmake:423 (find_package)
  CMakeLists.txt:287 (include)

复制给ai，发现还得安装libx11 libxpm libxft libxext。安装完之后cmake继续报错

# bash
CMake Error at /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:227 (message):
  Could NOT find Python3 (missing: Python3_EXECUTABLE Interpreter) (Required
  is at least version "3.0")
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake:591 (_FPHSA_FAILURE_MESSAGE)
  /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindPython/Support.cmake:4082 (find_package_handle_standard_args)
  /usr/share/cmake/Modules/FindPython3.cmake:640 (include)
  cmake/modules/SearchInstalledSoftware.cmake:80 (_find_package)
  interpreter/llvm-project/llvm/CMakeLists.txt:892 (find_package)

这是因为缺少python3解释器。 还注意到在cmake过程中的输出信息:

# bash
-- Could NOT find GIF (missing: GIF_LIBRARY GIF_INCLUDE_DIR)
-- Found PNG: /usr/lib/libpng.so (found version "1.6.50")
-- Could NOT find JPEG (missing: JPEG_LIBRARY JPEG_INCLUDE_DIR)
-- Could NOT find TIFF (missing: TIFF_LIBRARY TIFF_INCLUDE_DIR)

-- Could NOT find GSL: (Required is at least version "1.10") (found GSL_INCLUDE_DIR-NOTFOUND)
-- GSL not found. Set variable GSL_ROOT_DIR to point to your GSL installation
--                Alternatively, you can also enable the option 'builtin_gsl' to build the GSL libraries internally'
--                For the time being switching OFF 'mathmore' option

这是要安装gsl giflib libjpeg-turbo libtiff libpng freetype fontconfig，freetype安装不了，跳过，然后cmake继续报错：

# bash
[nine@DESKTOP-VL1ESD8 root_build]$ cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../root_install ../root_src/
CMake Deprecation Warning at CMakeLists.txt:32 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0116 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.


CMake Deprecation Warning at CMakeLists.txt:32 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0135 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.


-- The C compiler identification is GNU 15.1.1
-- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 15.1.1
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
-- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
-- Check for working C compiler: /usr/sbin/cc - skipped
-- Detecting C compile features
-- Detecting C compile features - done
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
-- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
-- Check for working CXX compiler: /usr/sbin/c++ - skipped
-- Detecting CXX compile features
-- Detecting CXX compile features - done
-- Found Git: /usr/sbin/git (found version "2.50.0")
-- Building ROOT version 6.36.000
-- Looking for a CUDA compiler
-- Looking for a CUDA compiler - NOTFOUND
-- Found GCC. Major version 15, minor version 1
-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD
-- Performing Test CMAKE_HAVE_LIBC_PTHREAD - Success
-- Found Threads: TRUE
-- Performing Test GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI
-- Performing Test GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI - Success
-- ROOT default compression algorithm: zlib
-- Checking internet connectivity
-- Checking internet connectivity - found
-- Looking for ZLib
-- Found ZLIB: /usr/lib/libz.so (found version "1.3.1")
-- Looking for nlohmann/json.hpp
-- nlohmann/json.hpp not found. Switching on builtin_nlohmannjson option
-- Looking for Freetype
-- Found Freetype: /usr/lib/libfreetype.so (found version "2.13.3")
-- Looking for PCRE
-- Found PCRE2: /usr/include (found version "10.45")
-- Looking for LZMA
-- Looking for lzma_auto_decoder in /usr/lib/liblzma.so
-- Looking for lzma_auto_decoder in /usr/lib/liblzma.so - found
-- Looking for lzma_easy_encoder in /usr/lib/liblzma.so
-- Looking for lzma_easy_encoder in /usr/lib/liblzma.so - found
-- Looking for lzma_lzma_preset in /usr/lib/liblzma.so
-- Looking for lzma_lzma_preset in /usr/lib/liblzma.so - found
-- Found LibLZMA: /usr/lib/liblzma.so (found version "5.8.1")
-- Looking for xxHash
-- Found xxHash: /usr/lib/libxxhash.so (found suitable version "0.8.3", minimum required is "0.8")
-- Looking for ZSTD
-- Found ZSTD: /usr/lib/libzstd.so
-- Looking for LZ4
-- Found LZ4: /usr/lib/liblz4.so (found version "1.10.0")
-- Looking for X11
-- Found X11: /usr/include  found components: Xpm Xft Xext
-- Looking for XOpenDisplay in /usr/lib/libX11.so;/usr/lib/libXext.so
-- Looking for XOpenDisplay in /usr/lib/libX11.so;/usr/lib/libXext.so - found
-- Looking for gethostbyname
-- Looking for gethostbyname - found
-- Looking for connect
-- Looking for connect - found
-- Looking for remove
-- Looking for remove - found
-- Looking for shmat
-- Looking for shmat - found
-- Looking for IceConnectionNumber in ICE
-- Looking for IceConnectionNumber in ICE - found
-- X11_INCLUDE_DIR: /usr/include
-- X11_LIBRARIES: /usr/lib/libSM.so;/usr/lib/libICE.so;/usr/lib/libX11.so;/usr/lib/libXext.so
-- X11_Xpm_INCLUDE_PATH: /usr/include
-- X11_Xpm_LIB: /usr/lib/libXpm.so
-- X11_Xft_INCLUDE_PATH: /usr/include
-- X11_Xft_LIB: /usr/lib/libXft.so
-- X11_Xext_INCLUDE_PATH: /usr/include
-- X11_Xext_LIB: /usr/lib/libXext.so
-- Found GIF: /usr/lib/libgif.so (found version "5.2.2")
-- Found PNG: /usr/lib/libpng.so (found version "1.6.50")
-- Found JPEG: /usr/lib/libjpeg.so (found version "80")
-- Found TIFF: /usr/lib/libtiff.so (found version "4.7.0")
-- Looking for GSL
-- Found GSL: /usr/include (found suitable version "2.8", minimum required is "1.10")
-- Looking for Python
-- Could NOT find Python3 (missing: Python3_NumPy_INCLUDE_DIRS NumPy) (found suitable version "3.13.5", minimum required is "3.8")
-- Looking for OpenGL
-- Could NOT find OpenGL (missing: OPENGL_opengl_LIBRARY OPENGL_glx_LIBRARY OPENGL_INCLUDE_DIR)
-- OpenGL (with GLU) not found. Switching off opengl option
-- Looking for LibXml2
-- Found LibXml2: /usr/lib/libxml2.so (found version "2.14.4")
-- Found OpenSSL: /usr/lib/libcrypto.so (found version "3.5.1") found components: SSL
-- Looking for SQLite
-- Found PkgConfig: /usr/sbin/pkg-config (found version "2.5.1")
-- Found Sqlite: /usr/include
-- Looking for CFITSIO
-- Could NOT find CFITSIO (missing: CFITSIO_LIBRARY CFITSIO_INCLUDE_DIR)
-- CFITSIO not found. You can enable the option 'builtin_cfitsio' to build the library internally'
--                    For the time being switching off 'fitsio' option
-- Looking for XROOTD
CMake Warning at cmake/modules/SearchInstalledSoftware.cmake:80 (_find_package):
  By not providing "FindXRootD.cmake" in CMAKE_MODULE_PATH this project has
  asked CMake to find a package configuration file provided by "XRootD", but
  CMake did not find one.

  Could not find a package configuration file provided by "XRootD" with any
  of the following names:

    XRootDConfig.cmake
    xrootd-config.cmake

  Add the installation prefix of "XRootD" to CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH or set
  "XRootD_DIR" to a directory containing one of the above files.  If "XRootD"
  provides a separate development package or SDK, be sure it has been
  installed.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  cmake/modules/SearchInstalledSoftware.cmake:997 (find_package)
  CMakeLists.txt:287 (include)


-- XROOTD not found, enabling 'builtin_xrootd' option
-- Found OpenSSL: /usr/lib/libcrypto.so (found version "3.5.1")
-- Downloading and building XROOTD version 5.8.0
-- Checking for module 'davix>=0.6.4'
--   Package 'davix' not found
-- Looking for uuid_generate_random in uuid
-- Looking for uuid_generate_random in uuid - found
-- Found libuuid: /usr/include
-- Davix not found, switching ON 'builtin_davix' option.
-- Looking for clock_gettime
-- Looking for clock_gettime - found
-- Looking for TBB
-- Could NOT find TBB (missing: TBB_ROOT_DIR TBB_INCLUDE_DIR TBB_LIBRARY) (Required is at least version "2020")
-- TBB not found, enabling 'builtin_tbb' option
-- Looking for VDT
-- Could NOT find Vdt (missing: VDT_INCLUDE_DIR VDT_LIBRARY) (Required is at least version "0.4")
-- VDT not found. Ensure that the installation of VDT is in the CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH
--                Switching ON 'builtin_vdt' option
-- Looking for BLAS for optional parts of TMVA
-- Using GSL CBLAS for optional parts of TMVA
-- TMVA: Numpy or Python development package not found for python /usr/sbin/python3.13. Switching off tmva-pymva option
-- PyROOT: development package found. Building for version 3.13.5
-- Performing Test ROOT_HAVE_CXX_ATOMICS_WITHOUT_LIB
-- Performing Test ROOT_HAVE_CXX_ATOMICS_WITHOUT_LIB - Success
-- Building LLVM in 'Release' mode.
CMake Deprecation Warning at interpreter/llvm-project/cmake/Modules/CMakePolicy.cmake:6 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0114 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  interpreter/llvm-project/llvm/CMakeLists.txt:6 (include)


CMake Deprecation Warning at interpreter/llvm-project/cmake/Modules/CMakePolicy.cmake:11 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0116 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  interpreter/llvm-project/llvm/CMakeLists.txt:6 (include)


CMake Deprecation Warning at interpreter/llvm-project/cmake/Modules/CMakePolicy.cmake:6 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0114 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  interpreter/llvm-project/clang/CMakeLists.txt:6 (include)


CMake Deprecation Warning at interpreter/llvm-project/cmake/Modules/CMakePolicy.cmake:11 (cmake_policy):
  The OLD behavior for policy CMP0116 will be removed from a future version
  of CMake.

  The cmake-policies(7) manual explains that the OLD behaviors of all
  policies are deprecated and that a policy should be set to OLD only under
  specific short-term circumstances.  Projects should be ported to the NEW
  behavior and not rely on setting a policy to OLD.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  interpreter/llvm-project/clang/CMakeLists.txt:6 (include)


CMake Warning (dev) at interpreter/llvm-project/clang/CMakeLists.txt:405 (install):
  Policy CMP0177 is not set: install() DESTINATION paths are normalized.  Run
  "cmake --help-policy CMP0177" for policy details.  Use the cmake_policy
  command to set the policy and suppress this warning.
This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.

安装 xrootd davix。不折腾这个了，放弃，改用包管理器安装。

安装Geant4

这里也用简单方法了，从源码构建就放在第一篇帖子里面折腾吧。 https://geant4-userdoc.web.cern.ch/UsersGuides/InstallationGuide/html/ “Arch Users Repository on Arch Linux"处跟着走， 先安装一下依赖，由于有一些依赖官方仓库里面没有，因此可以使用aur助手yay安装aur的包。

# bash
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
cd yay
makepkg -si

yay安装完之后，使用yay安装clhep

# bash
yay -S clhep

根据提示按回车即可。 使用pacman安装其他的依赖（也可以用yay安装）

# bash
sudo pacman -S xerces-c qt6-base openmotif soqt boost
sudo pacman -S qt5-base qt5-tools qt5-svg mesa glu

然后跟着官方教程走。

# bash
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/geant4.git
cd geant4

如果cmake版本过高，后面可能会报错，先修改一下PKGBUILD里面的cmake设置。

# bash
yay -S coin --editmenu   #我也不知道这一步干什么的
nano PKGBUILD

把“-DCMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5”加载cmake那一堆里。或者

# bash
sudo nano /usr/lib/cmake/Coin-4.0.3/coin-config.cmake

把“cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)”注释掉，也就是在这一行前面加上#。

然后继续，

# bash
makepkg --syncdeps

运行完之后得到一个名为geant4--x86_64.pkg.tar 的文件，例如我的是geant4-11.3.1-1-x86_64.pkg.tar，

# bash
sudo pacman -U geant4-11.3.1-1-x86_64.pkg.tar

差了一步，还得下载data文件，在官网下载所有data文件。把文件解压到/usr/sbin/../share/Geant4/目录下，然后在终端中配置环境，

# bash
nano ~/.bashrc

将“source geant4/pkg/geant4/usr/bin/geant4.sh” 添加到最后。

报错

makepkg –syncdeps 一步出现报错：

# bash
[nine@DESKTOP-VL1ESD8 geant4]$ makepkg --syncdeps
==> Making package: geant4 11.3.1-1 (Thu Jul  3 20:40:04 2025)
==> Checking runtime dependencies...
==> Installing missing dependencies...
[sudo] password for nine:
error: target not found: clhep>=2.4.6.0
==> ERROR: 'pacman' failed to install missing dependencies.
==> Missing dependencies:
  -> clhep>=2.4.6.0
  -> xerces-c>=3
  -> qt6-base
  -> openmotif
  -> soqt
  -> boost
==> Checking buildtime dependencies...
==> ERROR: Could not resolve all dependencies.

应该是缺少这些依赖。pacman安装找不到clhep，这才发现我忘换镜像源了。把换镜像源放在第一步。 安装一下yay，再用yay安装这些pacman中没有的依赖。 依赖安装完之后makepkg –syncdeps继续报错，

# bash
CMake Error at /usr/lib/cmake/Coin-4.0.3/coin-config.cmake:1 (cmake_minimum_required):
  Compatibility with CMake < 3.5 has been removed from CMake.

  Update the VERSION argument <min> value.  Or, use the <min>...<max> syntax
  to tell CMake that the project requires at least <min> but has been updated
  to work with policies introduced by <max> or earlier.

  Or, add -DCMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5 to try configuring anyway.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  cmake/Modules/G4InterfaceOptions.cmake:127 (find_package)
  cmake/Modules/G4CMakeMain.cmake:64 (include)
  CMakeLists.txt:49 (include)


-- Configuring incomplete, errors occurred!
==> ERROR: A failure occurred in build().
    Aborting...

ai说是cmake版本太高。用yay安装Geant4可以先执行

# bash
yay -S coin --editmenu   #我也不知道这一步干什么的
nano PKGBUILD

把“-DCMAKE_POLICY_VERSION_MINIMUM=3.5”加载cmake那一堆里。